The 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the UN Headquarters in New York City

 

Evaluations

In evaluating the UN as a whole, Jacques Fomerand writes that the “accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic, and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions.”

Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN’s history, the author Stanley Meisler writes that “the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless”, citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts.^[187] The British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, “when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and … will bring benefits to our children’s and grandchildren’s generations as well.”

The French President, François Hollande, stated in 2012 that “France trusts the United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises … France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance.”

 

 

Awards

A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two Secretaries-General, Dag Hammarskjöld, and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize (in 1961 and 2001, respectively), as were Ralph Bunche (1950), a UN negotiator, René Cassin (1968), a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1945), the latter for his role in the organization’s founding. Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN’s first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis.

UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the International Labour Organization in 1969, the UN Peace-Keeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it with Annan.^[190] In 2007, IPCC received the prize “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.”^[191]

 

 

 

 

 

 

Criticism

Role

Marking of the UN’s 70th anniversary – Budapest, 2015

In a sometimes-misquoted statement, President George W. Bush stated in February 2003 (referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime) that “free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society.”

Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.

Representation and structure

Core features of the UN apparatus, such as the veto privileges of some nations in the Security Council, are often described as fundamentally undemocratic, contrary to the UN mission, and as a main cause of inaction on genocides and crimes against humanity.

Jacques Fomerand states the most enduring divide in views of the UN is “the North–South split” between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations. Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism. There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council’s membership to be increased, for different ways of electing the UN’s Secretary-General, and for a UN Parliamentary Assembly.

 

Exclusion of countries

After World War II, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. The future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it a machin (“contraption”), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.

Since 1971, the Republic of China on Taiwan has been excluded from the UN and since then has always been rejected in new applications. Taiwanese citizens are also not allowed to enter the buildings of the United Nations with ROC passports. In this way, critics agree that the UN is failing its own development goals and guidelines. This criticism also brought pressure from the People’s Republic of China, which regards the territories administered by the ROC as their own territory.

Independence

Throughout the Cold War, both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1953, the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie, the Secretary-General, through its refusal to deal with him, while in the 1950s and 1960s, a popular US bumper sticker read, “You can’t spell communism without U.N.”

Bias

Critics such as Dore Gold, an Israeli diplomat, Robert S. Wistrich, a British scholar, Alan Dershowitz, an American legal scholar, Mark Dreyfus, an Australian politician, and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel’s treatment of Palestinians to be excessive.^[202] In September 2015, Saudi Arabia‘s Faisal bin Hassan Trad has been elected Chair of the UN Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts,^[203] a move criticized by human rights groups

 

 

Effectiveness

In 1994, former Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published “Somalia: The Missed Opportunities”,^[206] a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia, showing that, between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies; when the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by NGOs, whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN’s excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies. If radical reform were not undertaken, warned Mohamed Sahnoun, then the UN would continue to respond to such crises with inept improvisation.

Inefficiency and corruption

Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative be introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.

In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil-for-Food Programme — in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions — had suffered from widespread corruption, including billions of dollars of kickbacks. An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved, as well as raising “significant” questions about the role of Kojo Annan, the son of Kofi Annan.

Other

The United Nations has inspired the extracurricular activity Model United Nations (MUN). MUN is a simulation of United Nations activity based on the UN agenda and following UN procedure. MUN is usually attended by high school and university students who organize conferences to simulate the various UN committees to discuss important issues of the day.

Today Model United Nations educates tens of thousands on United Nations activity around the world. Model United Nations has many famous and notable alumni, such as former Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon.

• International relations
• List of country groupings
• List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations
• List of multilateral free-trade agreements
• United Nations in popular culture
• United Nations Memorial Cemetery
• United Nations television film series
• World Summit on the Information Society

 

References

Citations

1. ^Official Languages Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.un.org. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
2. ^“Charter of UN Chapter I”. www.un.org. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
3. ^“Nat Geo UN”. www.nationalgeographic.org. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
4. ^“UN Objectives”. www.un.org. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
5. ^ Jump up to:^ab “UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State”. United Nations. 28 June 2006. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
6. ^“UN Early years of the Cold War”. peacekeeping.un.org. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
7. ^“UN Decolonization”. www.un.org. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
8. ^“Post Cold War UN”. peacekeeping.un.org. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
9. ^“Red Cross-History-Objective”. International Committee of the Red Cross. 11 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
10. ^“League of Nations instituted”. www.history.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
11. ^“League of Nations and Manchuria invasion”. www.johndclare.net. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November2018.
12. ^“League of Nations and Italo-Ethiopian War”. johndclare.net. Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
13. ^“Why the League failed”. johndclare.net. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
14. ^Hoopes & Brinkley 2000, pp. 1–55.
15. ^Urquhart, Brian (16 July 1998). “Looking for the Sheriff”. New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
16. ^“1942: Declaration of The United Nations”. United Nations. Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
17. ^Roll, David (4 January 2013). The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler. pp. 172–175. ISBN 978-0199891955.
18. ^Sherwood 1948, pp. 447–453.
19. ^Osmańczyk 2004, p. 2445.
20. ^Schlesinger 2003.
21. ^Bohlen, C.E. (1973). Witness to History, 1929–1969. New York. p. 159.
22. ^Video: Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. (1944). Universal Newsreel. 1944. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
23. ^“UN Milestone Dumbarton Oaks Conference”. www.un.org. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
24. ^“Charter of the United Nations|United Nations”. www.un.org. 10 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
25. ^“History of the United Nations|United Nations”. www.un.org. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
26. ^“San Francisco – the birthplace of the United Nations”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
27. ^“1945: The San Francisco Conference”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
28. ^ Jump up to:^ab c d e “UN Milestones 1941–1950”. www.un.org. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November2017.
29. ^Grant 2009, pp. 25–26.
30. ^“Poland and the United Nations”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
31. ^Roberts, J. M. (John Morris), 1928–2003. (1993). History of the world. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 778. ISBN 0-19-521043-3. OCLC 28378422.
32. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. 149–151.
33. ^Meisler 1995, p. 35.
34. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 58–59.
35. ^“UN Milestones Korean War”. www.un.org. 4 August 2015. Archivedfrom the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
36. ^“Creation of Israel”. www.nytimes.com. 29 November 2011. Archivedfrom the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
37. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 51–54.
38. ^ Jump up to:^ab “UN Milestones 1951–1960”. www.un.org. 6 August 2015. Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
39. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 114.
40. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 115–134.
41. ^See Meisler, p. 76; Kennedy, p. 60; Fasulo, pp. 17, 20
42. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 127–128, 134.
43. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 156–157.
44. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 195–197.
45. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 208–210.
46. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 204–226, 213, 220–221.
47. ^“A/RES/3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975”. Archived from the originalon 6 December 2012.
48. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 167–168, 224–225.
49. ^Matanock, Aila M. (2020). “How International Actors Help Enforce Domestic Deals”. Annual Review of Political Science. 23 (1): 357–383. doi:1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033504. ISSN 1094-2939.
50. ^“Is China contributing to the United Nations’ mission?”. CSIS China Power. 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
51. ^Fasulo, p. 43; Meisler, p. 334
52. ^Renner, Michael. “Peacekeeping Operations Expenditures: 1947–2005”(PDF). Global Policy Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
53. ^Meisler, pp. 252–56
54. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 264–277.
55. ^Meisler 1995, p. 334.
56. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 66–67.
57. ^For quotation “worldwide ridicule”, see Meisler, p. 293; for description of UN missions in Somalia and Bosnia, see Meisler, pp. 312–29.
58. ^Kennedy 2007, p. 104.
59. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 226–227.
60. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 234–237.
61. ^Lewis, Paul (6 August 1996). “Jean Gerard, 58, Reagan Envoy Who Led U.S. to Leave Unesco”. New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
62. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 285–286.
63. ^ Jump up to:^ab “Are UN reforms just reshuffling of the deck?”. New Straits Times. 16 January 1998. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
64. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 110–111.
65. ^Kennedy 2007, p. 111.
66. ^Smith-Spark, Laura (8 October 2013). “Syria: Chemical weapons team faces many dangers, says UN chief Ban”. CNN. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
67. ^“UN failed during final days of Lankan ethnic war: Ban Ki-moon”. FirstPost. Press Trust of India. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
68. ^“UN Milestones 2001–2010”. www.un.org. 21 August 2015. Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
69. ^“UN summit agenda; The largest gathering of world leaders in history meets in New York to discuss the role of the United Nations in the 21st century”. BBC News. 7 December 2000. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
70. ^“2005 World Summit Outcome” (PDF). United Nations. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
71. ^ Jump up to:^ab “Sustainable Development Goals”. Un.org. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
72. ^“Communicating to a global constituency: UN Day in Paris”. unu.edu. United Nations University. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
73. ^Falk, Pamela. “Can U.N. regain trust with an experiment in transparency?”. www.cbsnews.com. CBS News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
74. ^Guterres, António (9 January 2017). “U.N. SECRETARY-GENERAL ANTÓNIO GUTERRES: MY VISION FOR REVITALIZING THE UNITED NATIONS”. Newsweek.com. Newsweek. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
75. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 3–4.
76. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 8.
77. ^“United Nations Visitors Centre”. United Nations. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
78. ^“United Nations Office at Geneva”. United Nations Office at Geneva. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 6 November2013.
79. ^“Welcome to the United Nations Office at Vienna!”. United Nations Office at Vienna. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
80. ^“Welcome to the United Nations Office at Nairobi”. United Nations Office at Nairobi. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
81. ^“General Assembly of the United Nations – Rules of Procedure”. UN Department for General Assembly. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
82. ^“Jerusalem Court: No Immunity for UN Employee for Private Acts—Diplomatic/Consular Law and Sovereign Immunity in Israel”. Diplomaticlaw.com. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
83. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 4.
84. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 4–7.
85. ^ Jump up to:^ab Salaries Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations website
86. ^ILO: Noblemaire principle Archived 14 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Judgement 986, consideration 7, and Judgment 831, Consideration 1.
87. ^The Noblemaire principle Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, ICSC
88. ^Americans Working at the U.N Archived 22 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, World, New York Times, 28 September 2009
89. ^“UN Charter: Chapter III”. United Nations. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
90. ^ Jump up to:^ab Fomerand 2009, pp. 131–133.
91. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 69–70.
92. ^“Main Organs”. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
93. ^“General Assembly of the United Nations: Rules of Procedure: XII – Plenary Meetings”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2013. Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 c of Article 86 of the Charter, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions.
94. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 70–73.
95. ^ Jump up to:^ab “United Nations Charter: Chapter V”. United Nations. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November2017.
96. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 39–43.
97. ^“Current Members | United Nations Security Council”. www.un.org. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
98. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 40–41.
99. ^“Security Council Presidency in 2017”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
100. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 21.
101. ^Fomerand 2009, p. 285.
102. ^“United Nations Charter: Chapter XV”. United Nations. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November2017.
103. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 31–32.
104. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 59–62.
105. ^“Appointment Process”. United Nations. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
106. ^“Former Secretaries-General”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
107. ^ Jump up to:^ab Fomerand 2009, p. 183.
108. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 100–101.
109. ^“The Court”. International Court of Justice. Archived from the originalon 9 September 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
110. ^ Jump up to:^ab c Fomerand 2009, pp. 103–104.
111. ^“About ECOSOC”. ECOSOC. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
112. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 153–155.
113. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 156.
114. ^ Jump up to:^ab “United Nations Charter: Chapter IX”. United Nations. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November2017.
115. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 171–177.
116. ^“United Nations Member States”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
117. ^“Charter of the United Nations: Chapter II”. United Nations. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
118. ^“Non-member States”. United Nations. 7 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
119. ^“Repertory of Practice”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
120. ^“The Member States of the Group of 77”. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
121. ^“About the G77”. Group of 77. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
122. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 52.
123. ^Coulon 1998, p. ix.
124. ^Nobel Prize. “The Nobel Peace Prize 1988”. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
125. ^ Jump up to:^ab “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations”. United Nations. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
126. ^“The UN’s Role in Nation Building: From the Congo to Iraq” (PDF). RAND Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
127. ^“The Human Security Report 2005”. Human Security Centre. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
128. ^Kennedy 2007, p. 56.
129. ^Ball 2011, p. 46.
130. ^Kennedy 2007, p. 187.
131. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 102–105.
132. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 294–311.
133. ^Lynch, Colum (16 December 2004). “U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
134. ^“UN troops face child abuse claims”. BBC News. 30 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November2013.
135. ^“Aid workers in Liberia accused of sex abuse”. The New York Times. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
136. ^Holt, Kate (4 January 2007). “UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan”. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
137. ^“Peacekeepers ‘abusing children‘“. BBC News. 28 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November2013.
138. ^Watson, Ivan; Vaccarello, Joe (10 October 2013). “U.N. sued for ‘bringing cholera to Haiti,’ causing outbreak that killed thousands”. CNN. Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
139. ^“Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its First Session”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
140. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 188–189.
141. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 189–190.
142. ^ Jump up to:^ab “United Nations Charter: Chapter I”. United Nations. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November2017.
143. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 178–182.
144. ^Fomerand 2009, p. 377.
145. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 185, 188.
146. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. 70, 73.
147. ^Kennedy 2007, p. 192.
148. ^Fomerand 2009, p. 347.
149. ^“UN creates new human rights body”. BBC News. 15 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November2013.
150. ^“Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples” (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
151. ^Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). “U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As ‘Historic Moment‘“. The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
152. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. 57, 194, 341.
153. ^“United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
154. ^“We Can End Poverty”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
155. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 143–144.
156. ^“The UN Millennium Development Goals”. United Nations. Archivedfrom the original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
157. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 169–170, 172.
158. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. 341–342.
159. ^Fomerand 2009, p. 126.
160. ^“About UNICEF: Who we are: Our History”. UNICEF. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
161. ^“About UNICEF: Who We Are”. UNICEF. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
162. ^“About Us–United Nations”. The World Bank. 30 June 2003. Archivedfrom the original on 24 March 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
163. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. 175, 191–192.
164. ^Fasulo 2004, pp. 176–177.
165. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. 199–200.
166. ^Fomerand 2009, p. 368.
167. ^ Jump up to:^ab Fasulo 2004, p. 183.
168. ^“Our Work”. World Food Programme. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
169. ^“About Us”. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
170. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. 348, 398.
171. ^“The United Nations and Decolonization”. United Nations. Archivedfrom the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
172. ^“Non-Self-Governing Territories”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
173. ^Kennedy 2007, pp. 160–162.
174. ^“Organizations”. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November2013.
175. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 179.
176. ^“United Nations Observances”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
177. ^“A/Res/73/271 – e – A/Res/73/271”. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
178. ^https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/12/1054431#:~:text=The%20UN%20General%20Assembly%20on,to%20cover%20the%20year%202020%20.
179. ^ Jump up to:^ab “Fifth Committee Approves Assessment Scale for Regular, Peacekeeping Budgets, Texts on Common System, Pension Fund, as it Concludes Session (Press Release)”. United Nations. 22 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 8 November2013.
180. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 117.
181. ^Weiss & Daws 2009, p. 682.
182. ^Fasulo 2004, p. 115.
183. ^A/73/350/Add.1 – E – A/73/350/Add.1
184. ^“Where Your Money Goes”. World Food Programme. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
185. ^“Overall funding trends”. UNICEF. 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
186. ^Fomerand 2009, pp. cviii.
187. ^Meisler 1995, p. 339.
188. ^Kennedy 2007, p. 290.
189. ^“France’s role at the UN”. Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
190. ^“All Nobel Peace Prizes”. Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
191. ^“The Nobel Peace Prize 2007”. NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
192. ^Greene, David L. (14 February 2003). “Bush implores U.N. to show ‘backbone‘“. The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
193. ^Singh, Jasvir (2008). Problem of Ethicity: Role of United Nations in Kosovo Crisis. Unistar Books. p. 150. ISBN 9788171427017. Retrieved 12 January2014.
194. ^Normand, Roger; Zaidi, Sarah (13 February 2003). Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice. Indiana University Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-0253000118. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
195. ^Oliphant, Roland. “‘End Security Council veto’ to halt Syria violence, UN human rights chief says amid deadlock”, The Daily Telegraph, Dated 4 October 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
196. ^“Amnesty calls on UN powers to lose veto on genocide votes”, BBC, Dated 25 February 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
197. ^Fomerand 2009, p. civ.
198. ^Gerbet, Pierre (1995). “Naissance des Nations Unies”. Espoir (in French). No. 102. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009.
199. ^Lee, David Tawei (11 September 2017). “The United Nations Needs to Treat Taiwan Fairly”. The National Interest. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
200. ^Moody, John (14 July 2017). “UN tours open to terror and thug states – but not Taiwan”. Fox News. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
201. ^Meisler 1995, pp. 72–73, 82.
202. ^
     • For Gold, see Gold, p. 20
     • For Wistrich, see Wistrich, p. 487
     • For Dershowitz, see Dershowitz, Alan. The Case for Peace: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
     • For Dreyfus, see “Don’t be lynch mob, lawyers urge U.N..”Archived10 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine JTA. 8 July 2009.
     • For Anti-Defamation League, see “ADL: UN Human Rights Council Resolution Reveals ‘Cancerous Bias’ Against Israel.”Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine 7 July 2009.
203. ^“UK helped Saudi Arabia get UN human rights role through ‘secret deal’ to exchange votes, leaked documents suggest Archived 3 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine“. The Independent. 30 September 2015.
204. ^“N. Watchdog Slams ‘Scandalous’ Choice of Saudi Arabia to Head Human Rights Panel Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine“. Yahoo News. 21 September 2015.
205. ^“When Beheading Won’t Do the Job, the Saudis Resort to CrucifixionArchived 2 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine“. The Atlantic. 24 September 2015.
206. ^USIP Press Books, October 1994, ISBN 978-1-878379-35-1
207. ^Book Review by Gail M. Gerhart in Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995 [1]Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
208. ^Reddy, Shravanti (29 October 2002). “Watchdog Organization Struggles to Decrease UN Bureaucracy”. Global Policy Forum. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
209. ^“Q&A: Oil-for-food scandal”. BBC News. 7 September 2005. Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
210. ^“What is MUN”. WiseMee.
211. ^“Global Model UN (Program No. 1207)” (PDF).

Bibliography

• Ball, Howard (2011). Genocide: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Issues. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-59884-488-7.
• Coulon, Jocelyn(1998). Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and the New World Order. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-0899-2.
• Fasulo, Linda (2004). An Insider’s Guide to the UN. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-10155-3.
• Fomerand, Jacques (2009). The A to Z of the United Nations. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-5547-2.
• Gold, Dore(2004). Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos. New York: Crown Forum. ISBN 978-1-4000-5475-6.
• Grant, Thomas D. (2009). Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization. Legal Aspects of International Organization. 50. Leiden, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN978-900417363-7. ISSN 0924-4883.
• Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas(2000) [1997]. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08553-2.
• Kennedy, Paul(2007) [2006]. The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-70341-6.
• Manchester, William; Reid, Paul(2012). The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill. Volume 3: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965. New York: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-54770-3.
• Meisler, Stanley (1995). United Nations: The First Fifty Years. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN978-0-87113-616-9.
• Mires, Charlene (2013). Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations. New York University Press. ISBN978-0-8147-0794-4.
• Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan(2004). Mango, Anthony (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. 4. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93924-9.
• Schlesinger, Stephen C.(2003). Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3324-3.
• Sherwood, Robert E.(1948). Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History. New York: Harper and Brothers.
• Weiss, Thomas G.; Daws, Sam, eds. (2009) [2007]. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-956010-3.
• Wistrich, Robert S.(2010). A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6097-9.

Official websites

• Official website
• The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)
• United Nations Volunteers
• United Nations Documentation Research Guide
• Official YouTube channel(English)

Others

• Searchable archiveof UN discussions and votes
• United Nations Association of the UK– independent policy authority on the UN
• Websiteof the Global Policy Forum, an independent think tank on the UN
• UN Watch– NGO monitoring UN activities
• UN Coronavirus page
• United Nations COVID-19 Statement
• Works by or about United Nationsat Internet Archive
• Works by United Nationsat LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Categories:

• United Nations
• Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
• Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes
• Organizations based in New York City
• Organizations established in 1945
• 1945 establishments in the United States
• Peacebuilding institutions
• Sakharov Prize laureates