References

1. ^ “African Union anthem, etc”. Africamasterweb.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
2. ^ “African Union votes to readmit Morocco”. 19 September 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
3. ^ Corresponds to the terrestrial surface. Including the Exclusive Economic Zones of each member state, the total area is 43 434 569 km².
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019”. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
5. ^ Thabo Mbeki (9 July 2002). “Launch of the African Union, 9 July 2002: Address by the chairperson of the AU, President Thabo Mbeki”. ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: africa-union.org. Archived from the originalon 3 May 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
6. ^ Manboah-Rockson, Joseph (23 September 2016). Politics & the Struggle for Democracy in Ghana: An Introduction to Political Science.
7. ^ https://au.int/en/about/languages
8. ^ https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf
9. ^ Africa-union.org Archived 4 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ [1] SAHO 15 May 2018.
11. ^ African Union replaces dictators’ club, BBC, 8 July 2002.
12. ^ Smith, David (5 September 2010). “Africa prepares to join the big boys in the space race”. The Guardian.
13. ^ Smith, David (6 September 2012). “Sudanese president calls for African space agency”. The Guardian.
14. ^ “Africa eyes joint space agency”. Phys.org. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
15. ^ Ezigbo, Onyebuchi; Okpara, Lois (9 August 2010). “AU to Establish African Space Agency”. All Africa. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
16. ^ Lee, Carol E. “Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
17. ^ “Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa”. The White House. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
18. ^ Eloundou, Ngah Eric (December 2019). “Private Sector Strengthening as Pillar of South Korea’s Development Assistance toward Cameroon”(PDF). World Economic Brief. 9., No. 26: 7.
19. ^ https://au.int/en/about/languages
20. ^ African Union. Accessed 2020 April 27.
21. ^ [2]
22. ^ [3]
23. ^ Article 25, Constitutive Act of the African Union.
24. ^ “Protocol on the Amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union | African Union”. www.au.int. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
25. ^ Swahili baffles African leaders, BBC 6 July 2004
26. ^ “Ethiopia: AU Launches 2006 As Year of African Languages”. AllAfrica.com. 21 June 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
27. ^ Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa (2006). “The Year of African Languages (2006) – Plan for the year of African Languages – Executive Summary”. Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2006.
28. ^ “Africa CDC Official Launch”. African Union. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
29. ^ “The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency”. Reliefweb. 2 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
30. ^ “Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April2020.
31. ^ “Morocco rejoins African Union”. Worldbulletin. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
32. ^ Decision on the Report of the 9th Extraordinary session of the executive council on the proposals for the Union Government, DOC.Assembly/AU/10 (VIII), Assembly/AU/Dec.156 (VIII).
33. ^ Study on an African Union Government: Towards a United States of Africa, 2006. See also, Decision on the Union Government, Doc. Assembly/AU/2(VII).
34. ^ “Pambazuka.org”. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007.
35. ^ Accra Declaration, Assembly of the Union at its 9th Ordinary session in Accra, Ghana, 1–3 July 2007.
36. ^ “Decision on the Report of the Executive Council on the Audit of the Union and the Report of the Ministerial Committee on the Union Government, Doc. Assembly/Au/8(X)” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
37. ^ See note on The Role of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) as the Building Blocks of the African Union prepared by the South African Department of Foreign Affairs.
38. ^ Decision on the Protocol on Relations between the African Union and the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Assembly/AU/Dec.166 (IX).
39. ^ See Towards a People-Driven African Union: Current Obstacles and New Opportunities Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, AfriMAP, AFRODAD and Oxfam GB, Updated Edition November 2007, pp. 45–46, and Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union: A Guide to AU Structures and Processes Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, AfriMAP and Oxfam GB, 2010, pp. 8–9.
40. ^ Gaddafi fails in bid to remain African Union chair, Reuters, 31 January 2010[dead link]
41. ^ Malawi president takes over as AU president, AFP, 31 January 2010
42. ^ According to the AU Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, his official style is Son Excellence Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Président de la République, Chef de l’État et Président Fondateur du Parti Démocratique de Guinée Equatoriale (in French). Retrieved 4 October 2011.
43. ^ “President Paul Kagame, Elected as New Chairperson of the African Union for the year 2018 – African Union”. au.int.
44. ^ “South Africa takes over as AU chair: What to expect”. aljazeera.com.
45. ^ Press release No 13 / 18th AU Summit : Inauguration of the new African Union Conference Center Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Directorate of Information and Communication. African Union Commission (28 January 2012).
46. ^ Linyan, Wang. “New headquarters shows partnership entering era of hope: Ethiopia PM”. China Daily. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
47. ^ Jump up to:a b c Diplomat, Shannon Tiezzi, The. “If China Bugged the AU Headquarters, What African Countries Should Be Worried?”. The Diplomat. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
48. ^ “A Addis-Abeba, le siège de l’Union africaine espionné par Pékin”. Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2018.
49. ^ “AU spying report absurd: China”. enca.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
50. ^ “African Union says has no secret dossiers after China spying report”. reuter.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
51. ^ Statt, Nick (29 January 2018). “China denies claims it built backdoors into African Union’s headquarters for spying”. The Verge. Retrieved 9 October2019.
52. ^ Jump up to:a b “The 33rd AU Summit kicks off with the 39th Session of the Permanent Representatives Committee | African Union”. au.int.
53. ^ “33rd AU Summit : Online accreditation for Journalists now open | African Union”. au.int.
54. ^ Jump up to:a b https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/
55. ^ “12th Extraordinary Summit on AfCFTA”. African Union. Retrieved 8 July2019.
56. ^ “32nd AU summit”. African Union. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
57. ^ Jump up to:a b “11th Extraordinary Summit Summary of Key Decisions”. African Union. 18 November 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
58. ^ “31st AU summit”. African Union. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
59. ^ “10th Extraordinary Session of the Assembly on AfCFTA”. African Union. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
60. ^ “30th AU summit”. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
61. ^ “29th AU summit”. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
62. ^ “28th AU summit”. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
63. ^ “27th AU summit”. July 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
64. ^ “26th AU summit”. January 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
65. ^ “25th AU summit”. June 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
66. ^ “25th African Union Summit in Johannesburg – African Union Commission media information”. June 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
67. ^ “A Call for Global Support in Ending Women’s Violence Done by Angelina Jolie”. newswatchngr.com. Newwatch NGR. February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
68. ^ “24th AU summit”. January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
69. ^ “Second Turkey-Africa Partnership Summit”. November 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
70. ^ “Africa Turkey 2014”. November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
71. ^ “23rd AU summit”. June 2014. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
72. ^ “22nd AU summit”. January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
73. ^ “22nd Ordinary Session of the Summit of the African Union”. January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
74. ^ “AU Extraordinary Summit on ICC”. October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
75. ^ “Kenya pushing for African split from International Criminal Court”. Irish Times. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
76. ^ “21st AU summit”. May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
77. ^ “20th AU summit”. January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
78. ^ “Global Africa Diaspora Summit”. May 2012. Archived from the originalon 16 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
79. ^ “19th African Union (AU) Summit to be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia”. June 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
80. ^ “18th AU summit”. January 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
81. ^ “17th AU summit”. June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
82. ^ “2nd Africa-India Forum Summit”. May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
83. ^ “16th African Union summit”. January 2011. Archived from the originalon 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
84. ^ “15th African Union summit”. July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
85. ^ “14th African Union summit”. January 2010. Archived from the originalon 11 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
86. ^ “13th African Union summit”. July 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
87. ^ “12th African Union summit”. January 2009. Archived from the originalon 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
88. ^ “The 11th AU summit”. July 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
89. ^ “The 10th African Union summit”. January 2008. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
90. ^ “9th African Union summit”. July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
91. ^ “8th African Union summit”. January 2007. Archived from the originalon 6 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
92. ^ “7th African Union summit”. July 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
93. ^ “6th African Union summit”. January 2006. Archived from the originalon 14 February 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
94. ^ “5th African Union summit”. June 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
95. ^ “AU Summit”. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
96. ^ “4th African Union summit”. January 2005. Archived from the originalon 15 March 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
97. ^ “3rd African Union summit”. July 2004. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
98. ^ “African Union Summit Maputo Mozambique”. July 2003. Archived from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
99. ^ “OAU/AU summit”. June 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
100. ^ “1st AU summit: Documents and Speeches”. June 2002. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
101. ^ The AU Free Movement of Persons Protocol
102. ^ How the free movement of people could benefit Africa
103. ^ AU protocol on free movement is a watershed moment for Africa; EALA and ECOWAS legislators’ meeting kicks off
104. ^ Protocol to the treaty establishing the african economic community relating to the free movement of persons, right of residence and right of establishment
105. ^ Support to the African Union on migration and displacement
106. ^ African Union. (n.d.) African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa.African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36846-treaty-0039_-_kampala_convention_african_union_convention_for_the_protection_and_assistance_of_internally_displaced_persons_in_africa_e.pdf
107. ^ Frugé, Anne (1 July 2016). “The Opposite of Brexit: African Union Launches an All-Africa Passport”. The Washington Post.
108. ^ “African Union Slams Trump Muslim Ban, Invoking Legacy of Transatlantic Slave Trade”. Democracy Now!. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
109. ^ “Profile: African Union”. BBC News. 1 July 2006. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
110. ^ Jump up to:a b c “The World Bank DataBank | Explore. Create. Share”. databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
111. ^ “”World Population prospects – Population division””. population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
112. ^ “”Overall total population” – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision” (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
113. ^ Office, Human Development Report. “2015 Human Development Report”. report.hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
114. ^ “The Fragile States Index 2016 | The Fund for Peace”. fsi.fundforpeace.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
115. ^ e.V., Transparency International. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2016”. transparency.org. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
116. ^ “Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity by Country”. www.heritage.org. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
117. ^ “Vision of Humanity”. static.visionofhumanity.org. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
118. ^ “2016 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders”. RSF. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
119. ^ “Democracy Index 2016” (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February2017.
120. ^ “The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
121. ^ “The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
122. ^ “The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
123. ^ “The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
124. ^ “The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
125. ^ “Fès Festival of World Sacred Music”. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
126. ^ “Knysna Oyster Festival”. Oyster Festival. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
127. ^ Lanyado, Benji. “Malawi’s musical turn”. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
128. ^ Okanla, Karim. “Benin marks Voodoo Day”. BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
129. ^ “Zulu Reed Dance”. Eshowe. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
130. ^ Chiba, Yasuyoshi. “Pictures of the Day: 21 June 2018”. The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
131. ^ AIDS Watch Africa: An instrument for promoting AIDS responses in Africa (PDF). Discussion Paper presented by HE President Olusegun Obasanjo to Heads of State of the African Union. July 2004.
132. ^ http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2016-prevention-gap-report_en.pdf
133. ^ Dixon, Simon; McDonald, Scott; Roberts, Jennifer (2002). “The Impact of HIV And AIDS on Africa’s Economic Development”. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 324 (7331): 232–234. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7331.232. JSTOR 25227281. PMC 1122139. PMID 11809650.
134. ^ Barton-Knott, Sophie (3 July 2017). “African Union endorses major new initiatives to end AIDS”. UNAIDS. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
135. ^ Buse, Kent (January 2012). “Zeroing in on AIDS and Global Health Post-2015”. Globalization and Health. 8: 42–44. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-8-42. PMC 3528638. PMID 23199137.
136. ^ “Official quits AU anti-corruption body over ‘multiple irregularities'”. Radio France Internationale. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
137. ^ “Exclusive: A ‘mafia-style’ cartel is running the African Union, claim staff”. 12 March 2020.
138. ^ Jump up to:a b Hove, Mediel (May 2017). “Post-Gaddafi Libya and the African Union: Challenges and the Road to Sustainable Peace”. Journal of Asian & African Studies. 52 (3): 271–286. doi:10.1177/0021909615583366.
139. ^ “African Union urges restraint on both sides”. The Star. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
140. ^ Mulondo, Emmanuel (21 March 2011). “Kutesa, AU blocked from entering Libya”. Daily Monitor. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
141. ^ “African Union demands end to military strikes on Libya, skips Paris meeting”. Sudan Tribune. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
142. ^ Kayawe, Baboki (23 March 2011). “Khama supports no-fly zone on Libya”. Mmegi. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
143. ^ “UN authorises no-fly zone over Libya”. Al Jazeera. 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
144. ^ “Rupiah backs action against Libya”. The Post. 27 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
145. ^ “Arab League Recognizes Libyan Rebel Council”. RTTNews. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
146. ^ “Tunis recognizes Libyan rebels as country’s rep”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
147. ^ “Egypt recognises Libya rebel government”. The New Age. South Africa. 22 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
148. ^ Malone, Barry (26 August 2011). “AU won’t recognise Libyan rebel council: diplomats”. The Daily Star. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
149. ^ “Ethiopia recognizes Libyan rebels”. NOW Lebanon. 24 August 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
150. ^ “Libya-NTC: National Transitional Council in Libya”. Afrique en ligne. 27 August 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
151. ^ “Chad recognises rebel council as only legitimate authority in neighbouring Libya”. Al Jazeera. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
152. ^ “Benin recognize Libyan rebels”. Reuters. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
153. ^ “Algeria declines to recognize Libyan rebels”. NOW Lebanon. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 26 August2011.
154. ^ “Libyan envoy to Zimbabwe expelled for burning flag”. The Zimbabwean. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
155. ^ “Libya: How SA stood firm on money for rebels”. Mail & Globe Online. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
156. ^ “African Union officially recognises Libya’s new leadership”. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011.
157. ^ “AU denounces Togo ‘military coup'”. BBC News. 6 February 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
158. ^ “All is rather easily forgiven”. The Economist. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
159. ^ “African Union lifts sanctions on Mauritania”. Reuters. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
160. ^ Dixon, Robyn; Labous, Jane. “Gains of Mali’s Tuareg rebels appear permanent, analysts say”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 September2018.
161. ^ Jump up to:a b Bernadette Schulz, Ruth Langer, “Peace missions – The long haul”, D+C, 27 August 2013.
162. ^ Besancon, Marie; Dalzell, Stephen (June 2014). “The Soldier and the Street: East African CIMIC in Somalia and Beyond”. PRISM Security Studies Journal. 5: 117–135.
163. ^ Article 3(f) of the Constitutive Act.
164. ^ Article 4(e) of the Constitutive Act.
165. ^ “AU Darfur mission ‘to end soon'”. BBC News. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
166. ^ “Security Council Authorises Deployment of United Nations-African Union ‘Hybrid’ Peace Operation in Bid To Resolve Darfur Conflict”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
167. ^ “African move on Bashir dismissed”. BBC News. 5 July 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
168. ^ Sulaiman, Abubkar o.; Agoha, Ifeanyi Chuckwu (1 October 2013). “South Sudan Negotiated Independence: A Critique of African Union’s Role”. European Journal of Sustainable Development. 2 (3): 145–154. doi:10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n3p145.
169. ^ Jump up to:a b Anderson, Noel (2014). “Peacekeepers Fighting a Counterinsurgency Campaign: A Net Assessment of the African Union Mission in Somalia”. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 37 (11): 936–954. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2014.952260.
170. ^ Reynolds, Paul (8 July 2002). “African Union replaces dictators’ club”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 23 April2010.
171. ^ Afro News Eritrea breaks with African Union, 20 November 2009.
172. ^ “AU calls for sanctions on Eritrea” BBC.co.uk 23 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009
173. ^ “Eritrea: Nation Appoints AU Envoy in Ethiopia”. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
174. ^ Jump up to:a b “African Union forces seek rebel leader”. France 24. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
175. ^ “Comoros anger over chopper crash”. BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
176. ^ “Battles on Comoros rebel island”. BBC News. Retrieved 4 September2018.
177. ^ “Comoran rebel seeks French asylum”. BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
178. ^ “Comoran rebel asylum plea refused”. BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
179. ^ “Toybou confirmed Anjouan president”. Afrol News. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

Notes

1. ^ Portuguese and Swahili have yet to be fully implemented as equal working languages in the AU
2. ^ excluding Western Sahara
3. ^ excluding Western Sahara due to lack of data
4. ^ excluding Western Sahara due to lack of data

Bibliography

• Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union: A Guide to AU Structures and Processes, AfriMAP and Oxfam GB, 2010.
• Towards a People Driven African Union: Current Challenges and New Opportunities AfriMAP, AFRODAD and Oxfam GB, January 2007.
• The New African Initiative and the African Union: A Preliminary Assessment and Documentation by Henning Melber, Publisher: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Sweden; ISBN 91-7106-486-9; (October 2002).
• “The African Union, NEPAD and Human Rights: The Missing Agenda” Human Rights Quarterly Vol.26, No.4, November 2004.
• Bibliography on the AU at the Peace Palace Library.